Legal Issues of ICT Use in the Construction Industry

efficacious Issues of ICT Use in the expression IndustryAbstractWhile in the 21st century the braid industry prefers to conduct argument employ the fosterage and confabulation technologies (ICT), the presence of sound deals pertaining to this mannerism of railway line faeces non be ignored. The be rig of this proletariat is to provide a better empathiseing of these good issues which ar associated with their expenditure. The objectives entailed to compass this aim are to de bourneine the existing takeualityful issues and to estimate the awareness ab appear them in the industry. The aim and objectives start been turn to by conducting two types of field investigations namely, questionnaires and interviews with impartialityyers, architects and engineers with different backgrounds. The foresee concludes with the identification of the intelligent issues present in the industry and an attempted comparison between the licit scenario in the U.K. and India.1. INT RODUCTION 1.1 Background and Scope of the ResearchAl nigh a decade ago the info engineering science invaded our lives like never in the lead. The approach in learning and communion technologies (ICT) and their utilisation has been tremendous with the recent eld witnessing the development of several IT-based technologies such as e- traffic.Information applied science solutions fork up paved a way to a young-made world of net income, employment profits and e-banking, budding as a solution to reduce costs, change the train economic affairs to an easier, speedy, high-octane, and duration-saving method of transactions and exchange of cultivation.Though the net has emerged as a boon for the present pace of life up to now at the equal clock it has also leave aloneed in posing motley threats to the consumers and different institutions for which it has manger now proven to be the most beneficial. diverse illegals eat been able to pave their way to interfere wi th the internet accounts with versatile techniques like hacking the Do of import Name Server (DNS), Internet Providers (IP) address, spoofing, phishing, internet phishing etc. and have been successful in gaining an unauthorised access to the engagementrs electronic computer system t presentby gaining enormous profits from the stolen info.These and other problems have oblige the telephone circuit community, the legal community and the right enforcers i.e. the g everyplacenment to look at the current legal scenario. These problems, therefore, need to be studied in expound by investigating legal issues pertaining to the aspect industry. This sphere is an attempt at understanding the legalities which are colligate to the mannerism of conducting craft dapple procedure ICT. As part of this resume an effort will be say towards comparing the legal stance of the United Kingdom and India.1.2 Aim and ObjectivesThe aim of this project is to provide a better understanding of t he legal issues snarly epoch using discipline and communication technologies (ICT) in the braid industry.To achieve this aim, the following objectives should be fulfilled during the course of this project-To con the legal issues pertaining to e-commerce (for e.g. electronic removes, digital sig records, etc.).To assess the importance of jurisdiction issues in cyberspace (for e.g. engaging in e-commerce on World Wide Web whitethorn expose the comp sever solelyy to the jeopardize of being sued in either give tongue to or foreign country law applicable to contractual obligations, etc.)To study the various legal problems that hobo repeal emerge of miscommunication between the client, consultants and contractors ( approach actions, out-of-court settlements of disputes, etc.)To study and compare the legal stance of India and the United Kingdom, in using the selective info and communication technologies in the construction industry.1.3 Justification for the ResearchComputer s and more signifi displacetly internet governs our lives to the kind of extent that we do not til now soak up its conditional relation. To solar day companies, especi every(prenominal)y in the concerned area of construction, are conducting business by means of the latest advancements in schooling communication technologies. way in mind the current flourishing e-commerce, it becomes preferably easy to get embroiled in lawsuits. The reasons whitethornbe several, for instance either there may be disputes between the client and the company or there baron be an issue with jurisdiction or there may be concerns related to the security of take of exchange of information electronically. In most of the cases it terminate be assumed that there is a high blowzyed ignorance of the legal textile with respect to ICT, and this ignorance may be a deterrent in the popularity of conducting business in this manner.In lieu of these issues, I believe it becomes the need of the hr to underta ke a study of this kind.1.4 Methodology OutlineOwing to the spirit of the research project and its data, the research approach adopted is mostly quantitative. However, about aspects of qualitative research have also been incorporated. Source of information will be taken from journals and books.The method of postulateing data for this research project has consisted of online questionnaires (surveys) and unstructured interviews. Case studies of previous lawsuits with respect to the topic have been studied.1.5 utterance ContentsThe research project includes a detailed study into the methodology to be followed and also provides the justifications for the chosen methodology.The project also includes a writings review about the various legal issues which are related to the utilisation of information communication technologies for conducting business in the construction industry. It sheds light on the close to of the legal wrong associated with the legal framework of e-business.T he project piece of music additionally contains with analysis and evaluation from the interviews conducted and the online questionnaire filled in by architects, engineers and lawyers.It supplies information on the legal future of using the various existing and upcoming information communication technologies in construction, providing an insight into the implications the solutions available the problems faced trance conducting research and manner in which ICT burn down be utilised for the step-up of the construction industry worldwide. It concludes with summarisation of the research and recommendations and scope for further study on this research subject in the construction industry.2. LITERATURE go over 2.1 foundationThe intentional use of information engine room by cyber-terrorists or cyber-criminals for producing destructive and harmful effects to tangible and intangible property of others is turn to as cyber crime. Cyber crime is distinctly an international problem wit h absolutely no national boundaries hacking attacks can be launched from any corner of the world without even an iota of fear of being traced or prosecuted easily. A cyber-terrorist can collapse the economic structure of a country from a take where that country might not even have arrangements such as an extradition treaty to deal with that criminal. The only safeguards can be better technology to combat such technology which is already well-known to the hackers and to evolve stricter and tighter laws which can be accepted world(a)ly.2.1.1 An introduction to the construction industryA precept in India states, to live a comfortable life all one and only(a) postulate is three basic essentials- food, clothes and a house. This has held true crossways all civilisations and centuries. Building a house was just a first step. The world has advanced much further constructing palaces, forts, dams, skyscrapers, factories, energy-efficient buildings and lots more.In a world of today, the 21st century, the construction industry is an important sphere of a nations economy providing employment to millions employed by countries across the world as an economy regulator In U.K. alone, construction industry had an output of 102.4 billion at current prices (2004) 8% of Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.). In the European Union the construction sector accounts for 9.9% of G.D.P. and 50% of Gross firm Capital Formation (GFCF).Considering the scope and importance which the construction sector enjoys worldwide, it becomes quite easy to understand that this industry functions at an incredible level and involves works with many organisations.The construction industry is frequently described as scattered by its critics however, disseminated would be a better description .For each construction project a whole new organization is created involving the client, designers, contractors, sub-contractors, material suppliers, shew hire companies, government, local authorities and agencie s such as the surroundal agency, health and Safety Executive and many others. Each new and transient project organization is, in fact, a virtual organization or attempt (McCaffer, 2008).Communication, thus, becomes an important aspect of conducting a successful business in construction ensuring successful collaboration between the various components of the industry.2.1.2 An introduction to e-business/e-commerce and e-constructionWith age succession the concept and means of communication have also evolved. Earlier communication meant travelling to places near and far, then the concept of letters came and with the advent of yell postage lost some of its significance. The world was however still is in store for more inventions and the 1940s took the world by storm as the computers were born.Computers and internet are a lethal combination, a form of communication which rules over our lives as much as eating food does. every day, man films new discoveries regarding these two, trying to find out how our day-to-day activities can be undertaken in an improved efficient manner.The term electronic commerce (e-commerce) was coined by Lawrence Livermore in 1989. E-commerce is a consolidation of people, technology, materials and the summonses on an electronic network for commercialized transactions (Johnston et al, 1997, p 37).As specified by the European Commission (1997, cited in Bruin, 2002), electronic commerce is all about doing business electronically involving the electronic processing and transmission of data (which consists of data, text, sound and videos). It encompasses various activities consisting of electronic trading of goods and services, electronic share trading, on-line delivery of digital content, on-line sourcing, electronic fund transfers, direct consumer marketing, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, collaborative design and engineering, public procurement, and after-sales service (European Commission, 1997).To be speaking strictl y its not in reality the electronic aspect of e-commerce but the digital part which imparts the revolutionary, efficient and versatile character to e-commerce (Johnston et al, 1997).E-commerce involves both the services e.g. financial, information and legal services) and the products e.g. consumer goods, specialise mechanical equipment. It also constitutes the combination of traditional activities such as education and healthcare and new activities such as virtual malls (European Commission, 1997). This is also concur with by Johnston et al, 1997 who state that e-commerce supports the selling, buying and distribution of services and goods.Johnston et al (1997) magical spell discussing the definition of electronic commerce noteworthy that it involves the conduction of business electronically across the spectrum of inter-enterprise relationships.E-commerce has the advantages of being a paperless economy, engaging in outsourcing and entails the convergence of all information in a single form (Johnston et al, 1997).In this day and age e-business has emerged as a field of immense voltage. The use of information and communication technologies to conduct business has gained momentum, and, like just about any other business the construction industry too has embraced the concept of e-business. smashed information technology (IT) capabilities have been a competitive necessity in nearly every industry sector. The post-Latham (1994 and Egan (1998) era has seen many construction firms investiture in technology tools to improve business performance, which subsequently led to an ontogenesis in technology investments in construction firms (Ruikar et al., 2008, p 23).The use of information and communication technologies in construction, however, depends upon a number of factors such as the size of the construction firm, its position in the market, the markets that the company operates in etc.2.1.3 Introduction to the legal problems in e-businessBefore jumpstarting ont o the e-business wagon, a company should have some reasonably placed apprehensions. The question in front of the management of a company should be whether conducting business using information and communication technologies is lawfully safe or not? Other questions should follow as well, such as what is an e-contract? will the companys information be secure when shared through with(predicate) and through ICT? what are the liability issues? what are the jurisdiction issues? is a scanned catalogue well-grounded and legal? what is a digital ghost, an e-signature?Questions such as above are justified because in actuality the companies are unaware of the legal risks involved while conducting e-business, hampering the chances of fruitful commerce.Sieber (2001) brings to light the need for new laws when he says that the emergenced significance of information and information technology is about linked to increased potential dangers, and these dangers bring an increased necessity to re assess the existing information law regulations and to formulate new ones.Sieber (2001, p8) further makes this statement to back up the aspect of new information law regulations, It must encourage- in the interest of common justice (iustitia commutativa) and as a contribution to distributive justice (iustitia distributia)-the installation of new information values (e.g. by means of economic incentives in copyright law), ensure a just distribution of the newly created goods (e.g. through the regulation of rights to particular information), reduce the number of new risks stemming from information technology (in particular, by provisions in the area of liability, administrative law and criminal law)and ensure a just compensation in cases where harm is caused. supervene upon of information in construction and engineering based businesses is a universal occurrence but it is not accounted for by contractual practice. Insufficiently delineate responsibilities, overlapping communication techniques and mistrust all hamper the fuller use of inter-enterprise ICT (Hassan et al).A major problem exists with the enforcement of electronic law. Particularly practical difficulties arise from the fact that data containing most of the information is available at the sagacity of the recipient. As is the case electronic data is not actually gross and can be altered, deleted or hidden through manipulation of technology (Sieber, 2001). entropy can also be encoded or encrypted by offenders to hunt imprisonment. Several terrorist, bank robbers, paedophiles, etc have attempted to escape or have been able to escape by encrypting data. Encrypted data is data which has been converted into recondite codes which can only be unlocked by using a place which only a holder of that matching key can reconvert them into plausible data.All in all there is clearly an urgent need to study and understand the legal issues involved while using information and communication technologies for cond ucting business.2.2 Legal Aspects of using ICTWhen the concept of e-commerce as introduced it was greeted with hysteria which has now been replaced by a concern voiced by many over the impact of using ICT for business. The industry is now closely examining the after-effects of e-business business world (Is spot and Kamat, 2008).Hurtado and OConnor Jr (2009) deliberate on the contractual issues concerned with the use of construction Building Information Modeling. They explain that the legal community is struggle to help out in developing meaningful contract terms in relation to the use of BIM technology. In their paper for the Society of Construction Law, they have contemplated upon the issues to be considered when preparing contractual provisions, including the pro make up use of the dumbfound the mannerism of data transfer from one model into the other models the deliverance schedule gauge from the model reliability of the modelled information management of the modelling proces s and use of goods and services of the model after the completion of construction.Some of the legal issues and terminology pertaining to the use of ICT for business purposes shall now be discussed.2.2.1 Types of legal risks involved in e-business in constructionEvery new day is coloured with a new discovery this holds as much truth for ICT as for any scientific discovery. The only drawback with ICT is that a new discovery brings along with it a new set of legal issues. These legal issues are a drawback because they take time for implementation and regulation sometimes damage has already been done before any sufficient action can be taken.Ismail and Kamat (2008, p-212) correctly state, The loss between the rates at which e-business technology develops to the rate at which legal framework and rules develop is substantial. Legal risks have not been studied in relation to construction e-business.The legal risks discussed include risks posed by web-based agencies, risks related to juri sdiction contract formation authentication electronic privateness and risks associated with smart property. These legal risks inflicting e-construction have been discussed as below Insecurity regarding electronic privacyIn the digital economy privacy claims have been of paramount concern. An issue forever causing concern amongst the construction and business community is the insecurity of their personal and private information which is exchanged and stored electronically.A popular, efficient and inexpensive means of information exchange and data transfer is the electronic mail systems, popularly known e-mails. While emails now incorporate information in various forms which includes photographs, typed memos, video clips, spreadsheets and bar codes they are deemed to be as un authoritative as a postcard if they are not protected by encryption and elaborate password systems (Johnston et al, 1997).Construction companies involved in e-business will need to manage the risks associate d with manduction private information private information may refer to personal privacy concerns about their own firms (Ismail and Kamat, 2008, p214-215). Online portals and marketplaces collect more information than is needed for lawfully authentically an e-contracting party (Smith and Clarke, 2000).The information thus collected may be in the form of enrolment forms, cookies, etc. Though the question remains as to who owns this information, the risk associated is with the privacy being challenged. In case of hacking or a virus, the information may end up being passed onto a third party. Risk posed by the web-based agentsWeb-based agents are information brokers. A new brokerage model can substantially change the equilibrium and re-adjust the interests of existing stakeholders. Also, software agents pose the biggest and truly exclusive risk to the current legal system as pointed out by Ismail and Kamat (2008).Agents control decisions and they learn and act upon their perception o f the environment to make the maximum goals of its user or programmer (Dzeng and Lin, 2004 Lee, 2004 Ren and Anumba, 2004). Agents act on behalf of their owners to promote the owners desires, unlike support software that supports the owner in do a decision but leave the decision for the owner to make (Schoop et al., 2003 Ren and Anumba, 2004). Risks related to electronic authenticationWhen doing business via the electronic networks, it become more and more difficult to establish the other partys trustworthiness without having physically met them, in other words doubts about authenticity are raised (Bruin, 2002).Smith Clarke (2000 cited in Ismail Kamat, 2008, p 216) debate authentication by stating, The drive to authenticate e-business vendees and vendors and evaluate contracting actions to the proper buyer and seller is in direct participation with privacy laws. Pacini et al (2002, quoted in Ismail and Kamat, 2008, p 216) support this statement when they say, Attributing an electronic message for an hug drug or acceptance of an e-contract to the person who purports to send it is however another risk. The Uniform Electronic Transaction Act (UETA) addresses this risk from a legal perspective by making it necessary that certain authentication levels are acquired and thus proper authentication and attribution is ensured and a protection is provided to the e-business participants from the attack of hackers (Belgum, 1999 Moreau, 1999 Thelen Reid Priest LLP, 1999a Pacini et al., 2002, cited in Ismail and Kamat, 2008). Risks inflicting electronic contractsConsider this scenario. cardinal parties engage in a negotiation for the purchase of cement for the construction of an institutional building. The seller adduces it at say 5 per kg and the buyer refuses and wants to buy it at say 4 per kg and also wants the seller to bear the shipping cost. The seller agrees, transaction is completed, cement is shipped and the buyer transfers bullion into the sellers ac count. This sounds like a simple business contract however, the difference here is that this contract has been formulated and fulfilled electronically (Johnston et al, 1997).In a commercial context, promises are exchanged in the form of an continue and an acceptance of the order. The offer and the acceptance supported with a valid consideration and mutual enter would, subject to certain limitations, constitute a valid contract.Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) technology is an advanced form of cyber-contracting. EDI is conducted between trading partners who already have a negotiated agreement which rules the relationship. In this form of technology, the computers contact each other as well as negotiate (based on programmed instructions). If a reply which rejects the offer is trustworthy then a counter-offer is also made. This continues till an agreement is arrived at or one of the system stops the process (Johnston et al, 1997).However, in the e-business transactions, it is not a n easy job to distinguish between the offer make and the acceptor. This is considered critical because a contract is considered to be invalid until an offer has been made and the acceptor has accepted the offer and communicated the same to the offer maker (Ismail and Kamat, 2008, p 213).Although the laws governing electronic contracts have improved significantly over the year, stock-still there is always scope for improvement because of the ever changing evolving nature of the communication technologies. Business risk and dubiety are always on a high level in the electronic world. Legal difficulties in an e-contract arise when the parties expectations are not met with or when a transaction does not progress as planned.Bruin (2002, p 146) shed some light on TrustUK and explained that, in July 1999, the Department of Trade and Industry published its Consumer clean-living Paper Modern markets Confident consumers..The White paper among other things contained plans for the cheering o f on-line codes of conduct by a new body provisionally called TrustUK.Section 4 of TrustUK Code of Practice deals with the various aspects of e-contracts and its implications (liabilities included). Risks related to vary jurisdictionsJurisdiction is a legal term describing which law is in effect at a given period of time and which courts decisions will be legally binding. Jurisdiction issues arise when parties dispute over a contract and want to settle as to which jurisdiction will decide over the issue (Ismail and Kamat, 2008).The problem becomes more intimidating where the issue of e-commerce comes into picture. The internet simplifies the carrying out of business globally. But then different countries follow different laws, especially those with respect to construction and therefore, the risk of encountering lawsuits in foreign land increases.In an electronic contract it should be very clear as to what law applies to the contractual obligations, what court of law will be presidi ng over to judge any dispute arising from the contract (Bruin, 2002).As pointed out by Rowe (1998, cited in Ismail and Kamat, 2008) a dispute judged under varying set of regulations, laws and rules have as different judgement. Although the laws regulating e-business vary, the general opinion of the courts implies that companies engaged in activities or online advertising may have to defend lawsuits in different jurisdictions if those activities snipe the local laws, Thelen Priest (1997 quoted in Ismail and Kamat, 2008, 213).The problem of jurisdiction exists becomes all the more relevant in the 21st century, now that there are so many countries existing worldwide and when global expansion has occurred in the business scenario with the arrival and explicit use of the information and communication technologies. However, there are quite a lot of countries which are at the moment unavailing to make any kind amendments in their legal framework on construction, especially where the ame ndments in law are concerned with e-construction. At the same time, it is good news that some governments are making changes to the construction law executed in their countries to make e-construction and e-business a more feasible and legally secure venture.However, the point to be noted here is that despite all the positive proceedings in the respective field, the possibility of two countries sharing the same law on e-commerce and that too in the construction sector are negligible. In a scenario where the choice of law is absent, legal uncertainty may arise regarding the application of law to an electronic contract (Bruin, 2002). This information clearly implies that risk attributed to varying jurisdiction remains.Bruin (2002, p42) clearly points out that in a specific case of cross-border electronic consumer contracts, a court procedure may involve such difficulties that a contract term defining a foreign jurisdiction may de facto exclude or hinder the consumer to take legal actio n. As a result the service provider also ends up providing an unfair contractual term.From the belles-lettres on jurisdiction which has been studied and mentioned here, it has been found that although there are quite a lot of provisions in legal frameworks of countries which address the jurisdiction issues, yet it would be beneficial to make changes and improvisations to these existing laws.2 shortened description of some of the legal terms associated with the legal framework of e-businessTo understand the legalities involved in using information and communication technologies for business, one needs to be aware of some terms associated with the legal framework of e-business. In this section these common yet important terms shall be discussed briefly. acknowledgment of the potential legal gaps and problems within the cluster projects issue 2, a proclaim on the findings of Hassan et al, forms the main basis for defining these terms. The discussed terms are as follows- Electronic / digital signaturesElectronic and digital signatures allow the recipient of a piece of information to know when the information has arrived, who has sent it, and to check whether the information has been changed or tampered with since it was sent.Digital signatures are electronic codes specific to individual users, which can be used to identify the originator of a message or file, and to indicate approval of the transmitted information. There are different types of digital signatures available (i.e. public key infrastructure, asymmetric cryptography, account numbers and passwords), and the level of security that is required dictates the choice of method to be used. Digital signatures are easily to transport and all the more difficult to imitate by anyone else, and more importantly they can be automatically time-stamped. A digital signature is basically a unique key that provides, if anything, stronger authentication than any written signature (Wacks, 2001).Asymmetric cryptosystem i nvolves two keys, one public, the other private. Its main advantage is that if you are able to decrypt the message, you know that it could only have been created by the sender (Wacks, 2001)The Electronic Transaction Act 1999 (in Australia) gives legal quotation to the use of electronic signatures and one may find them useful in executing electronic contracts on your website. The risk of e-businesses dealing with parties which might misuse digital signatures is similar to the commercial risk of fraud that arises through counterfeit of signature on a paper contract. Here is an example which depicts the working of a digital signature. Assume that man named A has to the draft of a contract to his lawyer who at present is in another town. A wants to assure his lawyer that the information sent across has not been tampered with and it really is what he had sent. To ensure that, heres what A has do Copy-and-paste the contract into an e-mail. Using specialised software, A obtains a me ssage hash (mathematical summary) of the contract. A then uses a private key that he had previously obtained from a public-private key office to encrypt the hash. This encrypted hash becomes As digital signature of the message. It is to be noted that the digital signature will be different each time a message has been sent.Now, how will As lawyer detect that this document is the same unchanged one that A had sent across to him? Heres what he will do As lawyer makes a hash of the received email to ensure that the document is intact and has been sent by A only. As lawyer then makes use of As public key to decrypt the message hash or summary. The received email (document in this case) is considered authentic and valid if the hashes match.Thus we understand that using a digital signature is an easy and safe method to protect privacy of information.A digital signature consists of the concerned persons public key, his/her name and e-mail address, the result date of the public key, n ame of the company, serial number of the digital ID, and digital signature of the certification position (Magalhaes, 2003).The fact that digital signature increase the security and ensure privacy is confirmed by Wacks (2001, p 80) when he states, Blinding or blind and digital signature will significantly enhance the protection of privacy. Digital notariesDigital notaries provide a time stamping service, thereby proving the existence of a piece of information at a particular time. These are often used in participation with an electronic / digital signature. Timestamping can ensure non-repudiation. Indeed, a digital signature is only legally binding if it was made when the users certificate was still valid, and a timestamp on a signature can prove this. Timestamping involves the following parties -client, timestamping authority (TSA) a verifier.Feather in 1999 expressed his opinion on digital notaries. He articulated that the purpose of a digital notary is to certify that a docume nt as produced by a person is a true copy of that

Analysing The Philippine Political Party System Politics Essay

Analysing The Filipino Political ships company piece Politics EssayFirst, thither is a need to hold out the difference between strongly institutionalized troupe transcriptions from weak ones. For a authoritiesal ships company form to be considered as strongly institutionalized, it must watch two characteristics (1) the stability in the policies and exemplifications of inter- caller emulation, and (2) the view of semi presidencyal actors on parties as legitimate and crucial parts of the democratic process. On the opposite hand, a weakly institutionalized ships company strategy has the following characteristics (1) there is a high degree of mental unsoundness in the policies and patterns of inter- troupe tilt (2) the deal and finale scores of parties argon high- there ar a crew of unsanded semi policy- do parties entering the system and a attractor of existing parties passing the system (3) high degree of electoral instability-the fate of the individual parties figure on the results of the preference, and last (4) the governmental actors view of parties as just wasted at best and as a danger at tally (Allen Hicken).Analysis of the Philippine fellowship SystemFor a political caller system to be considered as strongly institutionalized, the inter- caller ambition must be durable and the political actors must view political parties as legitimate and essential. However, in the Philippine setting, these two characteristics suck upm to be absentminded.Stability of Interparty Rivalryelectoral irritabilityA good indicator of the stability of interparty rivalry of party systems is the gauge of electoral volatility. electoral volatility determines the take to which there is pas seul in aggregate party right to balloting sh argons from one alternative issue to a nonher. When there is a low volatility score, it affirms that the same political parties be across constant degrees of live from one election period to a nonh er(prenominal), therefore, the pattern of inter-party rivalry is considered as stable. A high volatility score dooms that there is instability in the preferences of suffragers from one election period to another and/or there is elite-driven interchanges made to the party system, such as the termination of existing parties, the get of new parties, party coalitions, party accompanimentions, etc (Mainwaring and Zoco 2007). In spite of all these, electoral volatility is not a perfect gauge of the stability of interparty rivalry because finding party suffrage shares is tremendously complicated where there are many party coalitions or factions, or where a mountaindidates party standoff is difficult to determine. The latter remains a problem in the Philippine party system because some preservedidates often claim to be assort with several parties. That fact alone tells that party labels in the Philippines are so fluid that it becomes hard to measure the volatility of electoral resul ts (Ufen 2008). It is excessively meaningful to consider that electoral volatility does not allow one to bring up among the sources of instability-whether they are indecisive voters or temporary parties (Hicken and Kuhonta). Another problem with the Philippines is that it lacks the updated schooling needed to measure electoral volatility. During the 2001, 2004 and 2007 elections, the information needed regarding party vote shares was not further released and there was even a scandal involving immaculate vote counting during the 2004 elections. However, even though updated information are missing, Allen Hicken was unflurried able to measure electoral volatility of the Philippines using just the vote shares information available and supplemented those information with available data from party model shares. The single available data was from the elections during 1992, 1995 and 1998 elections.Table 1 Electoral VolatilityPeriodNumber ofElectionsVolatility of inaugural 2nd ele ctionsVolatility of fit electionAverageVolatilityPhilippines1992-1998346.428.237.3(Source Hicken and Kuhonta)Electoral volatility is metrical by taking the sum of the net change in the component part of votes achieved or lost by all(prenominal) party from one election to the next and then dividing it by two. A score of 100 indicates that the political parties winning votes are utterly varied from the one election to the other. A score of 0 indicates that the same political parties achieved exactly the same parting of votes from two different elections. The higher the volatility score, the less stable the pattern of inter-party rivalry and vice versa (Allen Hicken). Because the Philippines electoral volatility score are instead high, it is clear that the inter-party rivalry in the Philippine party system is facilitate not stable, contributing to the party system being weakly institutionalized. Voters even so do not book loyalty to parties and parties kick in not yet establi shed a original support base that would vote for them each and any election. The absence of loyalty and continued support by voters indicate that they still do not see certain political parties as groups that would promote their welfare so they seek and try to vote for other parties e rattling election. The instability of inter-party rivalry in the Philippines makes the party system weaker and political parties less reliable in consolidating the democracy of the agricultural.Birth and Death order of PartiesThe rate of the get and death of parties in the party system of a country is another factor in determine whether a party is strongly or weakly institutionalized. If there is a high throw and death rate in the party system, it style that the inter-party rivalry is not stable and there are a lot of parties entering and leave the system. In the post-Martial law period up to 2007, because of the conversion of the Philippine party system from a two party system into a multi-par ty system, the birth and death rates became high. Stabilization around parties was not bring in. A queen-size human action of political parties continue to enter and leave the system every election, and these rates contribute as well to the electoral volatility of the party system (Allen Hicken).Table 2 Party Birth and Death rank During House Elections (Seats)Birth RateDeath RateNumber of Parties1987NANA819920.430.50719950.130819980.500.50820010.330.25920040.730.113020070.330.4027Birth Rate Death Rate of Parties(Source Allen Hicken)The shift of the nature of the party system from a two-party into a multi-party system seems to energize given the chance for other parties to evolve and get involved in the system, however, it seems that this change only brought unsteadiness to the birth and death rate of parties in the Philippines. Because of the multi-party system, parties can enter and leave the party system freely, although looking at it in different point, it may seem good fo r the inter-party rivalry basing on the fact that not only a few number of parties can argue and gain seats in the government, it is still not considered good for the institutionalization of the party system for it makes the party competition unstable. The high rate of the death and birth of parties only makes the Philippine party system weaker.View of Political Actors on PartiesThe perception of political actors on political parties is one of the most important factors for a party system to be considered as strongly institutionalized. If the major(ip)(ip) political actors doubt the legitimacy and importance of political parties, then it means that there is a lack of institutionalization. The Philippine people or the normal are part of the government and they are likewise considered as political actors. Their views on political parties are very important in determining whether democracy in the Philippines is working well. Conversely, there seems to be a interval on the principl e of real democracy and on the truth of Filipino democracy. For instance, a great number of Filipino people surveyed (around 55 percent) were inform to have been discontented with the way democracy works in the Philippines (Hicken 2009b). This discontentment is strongly interconnected with the doubt of the Filipino people on the genuineness of Philippine political parties. This survey was just among the ordinary Filipino citizens, that is wherefore there is also a need to analyze the view of the major political actors themselves on the existing Philippine political parties. Major political actors like the forces seems to have been displease with government a lot of times as well, since military interventions and rumored plans of coups have been present in the country for a couple of times, especially during the 1986 and the 2000 elections (Allen Hicken).Electoral volatility, birth and death rate of parties and the perception on political parties show how weakly connected are the parties to the different social interests/groups in the country. Filipino voters do not have specific parties in which they are loyal to, they do not vote candidates coming just from one political party, they often times vote candidates from different political parties and it is not even consistent with their votes in the previous(prenominal) elections. An instance would be during the 1992, 1998 and 2010 presidential elections, the presidents and the vice-presidents voted were from two different political parties. It is also very hard to identify one political party from another based on their party platforms and ideologies, this difficulty in distinguishing one party from another makes the strings connecting Philippine parties and societal interests and social groups very frail. The number of voters who can genuinely identify with any political party is very small. In one SWS 2006 survey, it has been reported that two-thirds of the people surveyed said that no party truly endo rsed their welfare (SWS 2006, Allen Hicken). Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, a professor, summed up the state of Philippine political parties Far from being stable, programmatic organizations, the countrys main political parties are cloudy entities that can be set up, merged with others, split, resurrected, regurgitated, reconstituted, renamed, repackaged, recycled or flushed land the toi permit anytime (Quimpo 2005). What Quimpo wants to point out is that there is no certainty among political parties in the Philippines. They tend to be uneven and impermanent, every election, parties tend to change, both by factions, coalitions or merges-even members of the parties tend to leave their respective parties once they sapidity that their protest interests are not being pursued. In summary, through the different measures (electoral volatility, birth death rates, perception) used, one can conclude that Philippine political parties and the Philippine party system display a low level of instit utionalization, or even, a very weak and fragile institutionalization. The pattern of inter-party rivalry stays fluid and political actors including voters even doubt if political parties are legitimate and necessary for the countrys democracy (Hicken).Analysis of the siamese connection Party SystemPolitical parties and the party system in Thailand, just like those in the Philippines, are also weakly institutionalized. The two characteristics needed for a party system to be considered strongly institutionalized seem to be missing as well in Thailands party system.Stability of Interparty RivalryElectoral VolatilityHaving a weakly institutionalized party system, the electoral volatility of the Thai party system is one of the highest in Asia (Kuhonta 2009). However, it is still celebrated that the electoral volatility of the Thai party system is lesser than that of the Philippine party system (Average volatility of Philippine party system is 37.3, see Table 1 for more details). This means that the interparty rivalry in the Thai party system is more stable compared to that of the Philippines. However, the difference is not that large-minded and, because of the lack of Philippine data, the period measured in the Philippines is only until 1998 charm the period measured in Thailand is until 2005.PeriodNumber ofElectionsVolatility of 1st 2nd electionsVolatility ofLast electionAverageVolatilityThailand1992-2005638.128.035.0With the given electoral volatility, it is clear that just like the Filipino voters, Thai voters also lack the loyalty to parties. The numbers stated indicate that Thai voters do not have enough allegiance to a certain party that they tend to vote different parties every election. The commitment of the following is unsteady and the parties havent established a well grounded support even with the support bases that they claim to have.Birth and Death Rates of PartiesThe history of Thailand will impart evidence that the parties in the Thai party s ystem come and go like that in the Philippines. The birth and death rate of parties is also high, making the pattern of inter-party rivalry, all the more unstable. Parties in Thailand are especially convincible to the influence and power of party factions. Party factions are also present in the Philippine party system, but not as a good deal like in the Thai party system. The Thai party system has more factions, while the Philippine party system has a lot of varieties of identical parties being founded, identical meaning having the same ideologies and platforms. These party factions in Thailand, however, do not bring any excellence to the party system but it even makes the birth and death rates of parties become unsteady each and every election period. The factions made by parties themselves do not have sufficient interest to make the party system and the government work well, these factions merely see parties as just roads to their declare drives and tours for self interests and political power. As an effect, parties in Thailand tend to just come and go every election (Kuhonta 2009). Although it is right to say that there are exceptions, like the Democrat Party which remains as the longest stand party in Thailand, we still cannot presuppose that the constancy of the lives of just a few parties make the inter-party rivalry more stable. The government of Thailand has done things to make up for the unstable inter-party rivalry of Thai politics parties. Constitutional amendments have been enacted, one of which is included in the 1997 Thai Constitution, it is considered as one of the strongest shipway to minimize if not eliminate the practices of party switching. According to the 1997 Constitution, MPs who left(a) their parties within 90 days of registration for a new election would not be able to run in that upcoming election. (Kuhonta 2009). The 1997 constitution seems to have strengthened the party system minimizing the amount of party hopping and switchi ng. However, the amendment only has a limited effect and what needs to be done is to let democracy and the party system take their course in strengthen the government (Kuhonta 2009).View of Political Actors on PartiesElectoral volatility can already indicate how loyal Thai voters are to their supported parties, however, the mensural electoral volatility of Thai political parties would already state that parties do not have constant support bases and that those voters do not have constancy when it comes to their votes. Like political actors in the Philippines, it is also evident that political actors in Thailand do not have the best perception on their political parties. The mere fact that voters switch their support from one party to another, every election, means that the parties have not yet cultivated their own mass support bases. The absence of loyalty to particular parties leads to a shutdown that Thai voters are dissatisfied with their political parties. Moreover, the lack o f ideology and programmatic platforms and goals also makes it harder for parties to maintain their own support bases. The divided constituency returns supply adequate proofs that parties in Thailand lack their social bases, since this implies that voters do not have loyalty to a certain party. From the year 1986 to the year 1996, it has been recorded that more than 50 percent of constituencies had divided votes. This is with the exception of the two dominant parties that time, which are the Democrat Party and the Thai Rak Thai. Parties do not have connections with social groups like struggle unions, womens groups, ethnic communities or other groups who make up most of the take population. This shallow nature of party roots in society mirrors only the superficial aspect of party organizations (Kuhonta 2009). This is one of the problems of Thai political parties-they do not represent social interests which lead social groups to not go on votes and support to any particular party. P olitical actors themselves do not suppose of parties as representatives of their interests and as supporters of their welfare, that is why their perception of parties is not good most of the time. Like in the Philippines, one major political actor that could be considered as an excellent aspect contributing to the view of political actors on parties is the military. The weak connection of the political parties to social groups made them vulnerable to military counteraction. Military often times involved themselves in politics and when they pit the governance or the reign of one political party, they would counterattack the government through coups. The military is very influential and often times, when they are dissatisfied with the system, they resort to using their power to overthrow a regime. However, Thailand has gone through more coups than the Philippines. Thailand has experienced 18 coups since the concept of party politics began in the year 1932 (Kuhonta 2009).

Analysis Of The Scarlet Letter

Analysis Of The florid garnerIn The carmine Letter, Nathanial Hawthorne made it quite unadorned that off-white was a very emblematic character. As we know, following Hesters act of adultery, she became pregnant with fall and we get the smell out that there is something strange and unnatural about her when fist introduced. This is relevant to her symbolisation and the numerous attributes that she represents. by means ofout the novel, her symbolism ranges from organism equated to offense, sin, and innocence. Furthermore, it is also possible that her find out in itself is used to symbolize different elements like a garner a treasure much like Pearl becomes for Hester.In some(prenominal) ways, it seems that Pearl symbolizes evil and the authentic letter which is also is a means of evil she represented Gods punishment by her mocking and nagging of Hester. The emblematical quality of the letter is transferred to Pearl in which reinforces the idea that the symbol combine s the elongation to an abstract idea with a material existence. (Carrez) Although Hester loves Pearl, Pearl is a curse, the lifetime personification of the crimson letter, and is as much of a tormenting entity as the symbol upon her breast which also represents evil and sin in the novel. Due to Hesters and Dimmesdales sins, their take is Pearl who serves as a constant reminder to Hester of her sin. This is made evident in one instance where Hester removes the letter in the forest and Pearl throws a tantrum and refuses to listen to her because Pearl is not comfortable with the circumstance that the orange red letter wasnt there. Furthermore, in many cases Hawthorne deliberately emphasizes her symbolism of the Scarlet A to the reader. While Hester dresses in a dull fashion, she uses her talents as a skilled seamstress and designs and sews intricate, handsome clothing for Pearl almost as intricate as the blood-red A Hester bears on her chest. Because of this, both the scarlet A o n her breast and at her child will give birth much attention from the townspeople. One example of this is noted in a passage where Pearl and Hester go to the Governors house and Pearl is dressed in a scarlet dress with gold edging resembling the A on Hester. In essence, Pearl really was the scarlet letter because if she wasnt born, Hester would have never been found guilty of adultery, and thus never would have had to wear the scarlet letter. Although Pearl had been mischievous and not very caring and frequently symbolized evil and sin when her father, Arthur, finally admits he is Pearls father and is dying, Pearl changes. This breaks her free from universe associated to the immoral symbolism.Pearl symbolically being equated to the scarlet letter is not the unaccompanied symbolic meaning that she has she is also the symbol of innocence. Pearl was often treated with vainglory for no reason meanwhile her only villainy was her birth and existence. Furthermore, the children in The Scarlet Letter have a unrelenting nature they know the significance of the scarlet letter, but in many cases, do not fully identify what its associated with. The children observe that the adults treat Hester with disdain and with attempts to imitate the adults they sometimes harass and tease Pearl which further emphasizes her innocence and how she is sometimes a victim because of it. Also, Pearl has a strange addendum to the scarlet letter. When she was a baby, she would reach out to her induces breast and try to cinch the letter. She seems to instinctively realize that it has abundant significance, but when she confronts Hester about it because of her gratis(p) curiosity, her bewilder lies to her, telling Pearl that she wears it because of its beautiful gold thread. Along with the idea of being the symbol of innocence her name represents a treasure and great worth.Th raspy Pearl being brought to life, is cost Hester a great deal it was the equipment casualty of her mothers public condemnation, but regardless of what it cost Hester, Pearl was also of great worth much like a real pearl. Consider an actual pear. For a pearl to develop, it starts as a piece of sand, which is grainy and rough similar to how hard and rough it was for Hester to originally cope with the burden of the scarlet letter which is in essence Pearl. Then, after time that sand gets coat and becomes a pearl a treasure much like Pearl becomes for Hester. This is also suggested in the text of the novel where Hawthorne writes, but she named the infant Pearl, as being of great expenditure,purchased with all she had,her mothers only treasure (Hawthorne 61) In summation it is important to go through that the idea of a pearl having a natural beauty to it and would not belong in Puritan society because it would direct contrast with societys strict and rigid ideals. Pearl nonetheless stands out as beautiful and charming (like a pearl) in a society consisting of a public of stern and dull people. She also gave Hester reason to live and press on with her life despite the hard times because regardless of what it cost Hester, she is at the same time Hesters source of happiness. In the same way that her mother Hester was different from Puritan society, her child also was not a popular Puritan. Pearl is different, but its her difference that gives her great worth and beauty she is her mothers only treasure and companion.The ambiguity of the symbolism of Pearl within Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter is extremely evident for all of his readers. Hawthorne gives the reader a chance to consider their own opinion on what Pearl really stands for. His ambiguity shows the accredited complexity to Pearl and each of her symbolic meanings. This is clear in how many symbolic meanings Pearl had. In the novel, Pearl is an excellent example of childish innocence and treasure, evil and sin, and morality. Her willpower and imagination make her a commendation and a curse to her mother, who has paid such a great price for her child. Hawthornes ambiguity shows the true complexity of Pearl and each of her symbolic meanings that were cover and arrange it all quite brilliantly because Hawthorne incorporated the aftermaths of Hester and Dimmesdales sins into one innocent character, Pearl.Carrez, Dr. Stephanie. Symbol and Interpretation in Hawthornes Scarlet Letter.n.p. n.d. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York W.W. Norton Company, Inc.2005

Effectiveness of Aromatherapy for Depression and Stress

Effectiveness of Aromatherapy for Depression and StressCHAPTER tailfin DISCUSSIONIntroductionIn chapter five, major heading of the theater was discussed, scrutiny of hypothesis followed by examination of the information addressing the look uncertainty. In increase, the strengths and helplessness of the acquire was explored. Next the implication of the read is presented followed by recommendations for future query and limitations faced as the lead being conducted.5.1 Overview of the regardThe think over was designed to visit the long suit of aromatherapy consumption for 7 days in cut back slump, fretting and assay during clinical practice among depression course of demand UiTM treat school-age childs. Numerous research studies have highlighted the relationship between effect of depression, worry and stress on breast feeding schoolchild during clinical practice.At the opening of clinical practice period, the researcher introduced the oeuvre objective and informed approve address to the first year cargon for student of the Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Puncak Alam. Students who were elicit in dispelicipating signing an informed consent form. A sum total of 42 students signed the informed consent and had an opportunity to ask question during initial meeting.Participants completed the mouse hareS questionnaire (pretest) and were selected into two hosts from convenient sampling. As a result, 20 role players in data-based group and 22 in the deem group for purposes of data analysis.5.2 Baseline characteristic of participantsThe sample population of this study was comprise of first year nurse student from diploma program in UiTM Puncak Alam from both genders who free from taking every relaxation medication. The study groups were self-coloured with respect this characteristics, so influenced of these aspect brush off be generalized for entirely the nurse students who were evaluated (p = 0.175, p = 0.716). compact of the resultObjective number 1To determine the baseline aim of disquiet create in data-based and throw group.The baseline think work for depression, foreboding and stress in the controller group was 16.142.765, 13.326.658 and 20.362.341 respectively and the baseline correspond score for depression, misgiving and stress in the experimental group was 15.252.359, 13.205.917 and 21.652.183. An independent t-test at the 95% confidence interval and .05 take aim of signifi send awayce was computed to compare the average depression, fretting and stress score between both groups, and it was concluded that the sampling process effectively produced equivalent groups with respect to depression, disturbance and stress score at baseline, t =-1.112, p = 0.27, t = -0.61, p = 0.952, t = 1.836, p = 0.074. This indicated that the levels of dassie in the two groups were the same at the beginning.5.3 Baseline rabbit score in both groupIn this study, for baseline score, both groups was had a mod erate level of depression, anxiety and stress (pika). Possible explanation for the high prevalence of baseline DAS score among this study population could be due to preparation for practice require more than developing skills in the on campus lab. It entails developing an ability to provide safe and effective attention to different human beings in various clinical desktops. This comp iodinents of developing expertness as a student nurse can be precise nerve-wracking to nursing students and create anxiety.In wellness pro command, the clinical perspective is set as fundamental field for students to learn just ab step to the fore practice in the actual world (Egan Jaye, 2009). Prior to the education of health professionals, in particular nurses, has switched from an apprentice-based training model where the regular practice of labour and activities are highlighted, to university-based preparation that educated student to understand situation and tail and wisely use evidenc e in practice. (Henderson, Cooke, Creedy Walker, 2012)The clinical practicum is a solid and essential element of either undergraduate nursing degree. Experiences during clinical agreement are effective in shaping student attitudes to education, practice and professional development (Henderson, Cooke, Creedy Walker, 2012).High levels of anxiety can affect students encyclopedism, performance (Sharif Armitage, 2004 Moscaritolo, 2009) and in some cases retention within a nursing program (Moscaritolo, 2009). agree to Melincavage (2011), students likely to realise anxiety when in any new learning experience and while evolve from novice to expert. fit to Burnad et al. (2008) and Pulido-Martos et al. (2012) they represent that witnessing the death of patient, relationship between student and mentor and/or staff, providing care, need of knowledge and skills, practical and assignment are common clinical stressors among nursing student. Furthermore, nursing student at both novice a nd experienced level believed that clinical stressor more stressful that academic and external one (related to daily life) and generate more psychosocial responses such as anxiety, cognitive symptoms and depression (Blomberg, 2014). However, oldly recognized clinical stress federal agent are lack of knowledge and professional ability, lack of understanding with history and medical terms, difficult workload, being in an unfamiliar situation, mistakes with patients or handling of technical instruments (Basso Mussoetal.,2008 Chanetal.,2009 Jimenezetal.,2010). This factor might be more frequent in hospital settings. This could crystalise why student more likely to experience stress during clinical fundamentment in hospital (Blomberg, 2014).A study conducted by Goff (2011) found that nursing students has been long perceived by nursing department and students to experience higher levels of stress than some other college student. Nursing student believed that they have petty leisure beat because they needed to study, with assignments and clinical job (Reeve, Shumaker, Yearwood, Riley Crowell, 2013).Shriver and Scott-Stiles (2000) found some other leading factor to high level of stress is that clinical task demanded nursing student to spend substantial time away from campus and in any case require them to be responsible for the well being of patients In the other word, these activities take off student from normal social development of their friends (Reeve, Shumaker, Yearwood, Riley Crowell, 2013).According to Melincavage (2011), students likely to experience anxiety when in any new learning experience and while evolve from novice to expert.Objective number 2To compare mean of contain depression, anxiety and stress score level between interpolation and control group. The H1o was There is no difference in level of depression, anxiety and stress score between incumbrance and control group. An independent t-test at the .05 significance level was computed to compare mean of post depression, anxiety and stress score level between intervention and control group. There was a statistically crucial difference in the mean of post depression, anxiety and stress score, t = -2.072, p = 0.045, t = -2.625, p = 0.012, t = -3.232, p = 0.002 respectively. The zip fastener hypothesis was rejected. It was concluded that thither is a significant difference in level of depression, anxiety and stress score between those students who did not received aromatherapy and those student who received aromatherapy after the intervention. twain group showed a decreasing in mean score of DAS after the intervention. However, aromatherapy group significantly lower than control group. In the other word aromatherapy was effectively reduced level of DAS in the experimental group after seven day of inhalation. However, although being exposed to water, mean score of control group also show a decrease in posttest compare to pretest. But, it was not significant as arom atherapy group.Objective no 3To examine the mean of depression, anxiety and stress score in intervention and control group before and after introducing the intervention. A diametrical t-test at the 95% confidence interval and .05 significance level was computed to examine mean of depression, anxiety and stress score in experimental and control group before and after introducing the intervention. There was significant different in the mean score of DAS between pretest and posttest among student who received aromatherapy, t = 9.51, p = 0.00, t = 5.39, p = 0.00, t = 11.11, p = 0.00 respectively. The group of student who do not received aromatherapy also significant difference in the mean score of DAS between pretest and posttest t = 4.09, p = 0.001, t = 2.23, p = 0.037, t = 4.87, p = 0.000 respectively. However, mean score of depression and anxiety in the aromatherapy group significantly lower than the control group.5.4 Reduction of DAS scoreIn our study, intervention group who receiv ed aromatherapy inhalation for 7 days showed significance diminution of DAS score with p hold dear 0.045, 0.012, 0.002. The null hypothesis of the study was rejected because in that respect was a secure effects and statistically significant effect from aromatherapy in trim down depression, anxiety and stress score in the sample of nursing students. We accept pick H1 and H2 since at that place is difference in level of DAS between intervention and control group and intervention group has showed a reduction in level of DAS after introducing the aromatherapy. Result from this study also supports old research on durability of aromatherapy (Johnson, 2013).This finding is similar to a study conducted among 110 nurses in the hospital. A small bottle containing 3% lavender anele was pinned on their clothes to examine the effectiveness of lavender oil to reduce stress related job among nurses. The study found that there is reduction of the number of stress symptoms for 3 to 4 days in the experimental group after aromatherapy was carried out (Chen, Fang Fang, 2013).Another consistent finding from a study by Yuen, Mei and Wing (2014) found that there was significant improvement in the reduction of stress level (p = 0.001) and the reduction of anxiety level (p = 0.044) when compared pre and post aromatherapy inhalation among nursing student in Hong Kong facing final examination.The result from this study similar to previous study conducted to determine the impact of aromatherapy on the anxiety level of patients experiencing coronary angiography. The study concluded that anxiety level decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group after aromatherapy (P However, in this study, participant in control group showed a reduction in the level of DAS after the intervention. This result showed that nursing students seek for other intervention or deal regularity to overcome the depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice. A study carried on baccalaureate nursing students in Jordan in their initial period of clinical practice found that needed support and counsellor from clinical instructors helped to reduce stress and promote a positive clinical experience. Furthermore, nursing student applied the most common used of coping strategy in relieving stress such as a task solving behavior followed by staying enthusiastic and conversion of attention from the stressful event to other things was of coping strategies ( Shaban, Khater Akhu-Zaheya, 2012).Other than that, another study carried out by Por, Barriball, Fitzpatrick and Roberts (2011) found another factor that relieving stress was emotional intelligence. ruttish intelligence was absolutely related to well-being (p5.5 RecommendationThe results of this pretest, posttest design study revealed that the effect of aromatherapy oil on depression, anxiety and stress among first year nursing students during clinical practice was statistically significant. Based on previous discussions in this chapter and the rationale for this study, future research is recommended in nursing education with large sample and close room to allow the aroma freshen in the room. Other as this study has shown the effectiveness of aromatherapy in trim down depression, anxiety and stress among nursing student, this evidence based will be suggested to UiTM Nursing Department to hope this method acting to nursing student particularly during attending clinical practice. Other than that, aromatherapy also can use for nursing student before attending exam especially objective coordinate clinical examination (OSCE).5.6 Implication of the studyThe implication of the study are that, it can increase awareness to the nursing department about worry of nursing student during clinical practice and the negative effect toward nursing curricular. It also exposed and encourages the lecturer or staff in the nursing department on the utilization of the aromatherapy among nursing student.The finding of this study can provide a nursing student with stress coping method using aromatherapy. With the use of aromatherapy, student can focus on learning and perform procedure in the clinical area effectively and increase the quality of patient care.Furthermore, aromatherapy is a safe, cost-effective, time appreciative intervention that can be implemented in nursing education.5.7 LimitationThe following limitations were identified during the administration and analysis of the current study to assess the effect of aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and stress among first year nursing students during clinical practice. The purpose of this section is to provide a critical assessment of the studys limitations.The primary researcher did not have control over where the era of inhalation during the intervention due to participants freely to stay in any room instead of their own room. As a result, the duration of inhalation may have contributed to the significance of pre and posttest in the control group. Participant in the control group may stay in the room of participant in experimental group. Thus, the participant was indirectly inhaled the aromatherapy oil. It would be beneficial to place the both group in different block of residential college.SummaryIn conclusion, the overall studys findings were statistically and clinically significant in demonstrating that aromatherapy is able to reduce level of depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice among first year nursing student. Theses results are similar to those study demonstrated by Johnson (2013) Chen, Fang Fang (2013) andYuen, Mei Wing (2014) with the aim to measure the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing depression stress and anxiety among nursing student and nursing staff. An extension of this study over a longer time period with a larger sample size and using randomized Control Trial (RCT) design may provide better results in future studies.ConclusionThis quasi-e xperimental study set out to examine the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice among first year nursing student. The result showed that such students perceived moderate level of depression, anxiety and stress prior to attending clinical placement in hospital.The purpose of reducing depression, anxiety and stress among nursing student is part of strategy to promote effective learning environment especially during holdfast in hospital. Depression, anxiety and stress can hinder students self confidence to perform nursing care to patient. Other than that, it gives a bad impression toward nursing department as their student ineffective to show a competency during performs a procedure in the hospital. Since clinical practice is vital element in nursing education, students are believes to apply the basic nursing skills in the clinical areas that enable the application of conjectural knowledge to develop. However, if the student s unable to relieve their depression, anxiety and stress, these objectives are unable to be achieve and give a loss to student and nursing department. Therefore, there is a need for nursing department to encourage student to utilize the evidence based-practice especially during attending clinical practice with recommended solution which is aromatherapy inhalation. The research gap has been addressed and the findings showed consistent with previous studies. Research question of this study has been answered and the study null hypothesis was rejected based on the data analysis.The overall finding showed that aromatherapy has a positive effect in reducing depression, anxiety and stress among nursing student. The finding identified pointed to rejection of study null hypothesis because the use of lavender aromatherapy significantly reduce the level of depression, anxiety and stress in nursing student compared to use of water. Hence, aromatherapy was proven as an effective coping strategy in this study in addition to others in the literature. This result supported previous studies on same setting and population (Johnson, 2013).It is critical for nursing student to overcome depression, anxiety and stress and aromatherapy can facilitate to relieve these problems. Although sample size in this study was small, there exists quantitative evidence that aromatherapy has a role to play in nursing curricular especially among students attending clinical area. The design and results of this study will hopefully inspired nursing researcher to explore the phenomenon of depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice and create innovative practices to minimize it in the future. Nursing faculty must continue to create advanced method to facilitate success for student who experience depression, anxiety and stress The change magnitude diversity of nursing students in age, gender, and ethnicity will continue to grow in future years, and nursing faculty will require more expe rtise that addresses students holistically (Jeffreys, 2012).

Causes For The Fall of the Roman Empire :: The Fall of the Roman Empire

What major events led to the eventual decline and fall of the Roman imperium? Categorized between home(a) and external factors with broad reasoning, doesnt bring itself to just a few events as the cause for the actual fall. From the internal factors socio-economic problems and political corruption with the emperors and senate with their selfish, indulgence lifestyles with gladiator games being a major expense from the coffers, moral decline impacted the richest Romans with immorality, various outlandish informal behaviors, gambling on most any activities and public lewd/ sexual acts in the Colosseum. Education became only for the rich and usually only males. The base standards of ethics and values were lost with total disregard of human and sentient being life, cheap slave labor lead to major unemployment for the working break plebeians that stressed the continued divide from the rich patricians. From the external factors Constant wars and cloggy military spending, the gr eat Roman army was excessively expensive, over-stretched trying to financial support the experienced warriors, recruiting more than and more soldiers then turning to hiring mercenaries and barbarians. With the adding of more soldiers from conquered lands, those barbarians became more like Romans after a short time and less open to fight other barbarians from other countries as a result. With the army stretched switch off at all the borders, when an issue grew it could become overwhelming quickly as with the Visogoths, once they were allowed to settle on the south side of the Danube, poverty victuals conditions and starvation led them to attack, then move to sack the city of Rome. past there were the earthy disasters such as famine, earthquakes and plagues. With influx of barbarians and many newcomers from over-run countries, the apocalypse of serious sickness, transferring of plagues and lack of consistent medical care perpetuated all natural disasters many times over.

Justice and Injustice in Molieres Tartuffe Essay -- Tartuffe Essays

Justice and In nicety in Tartuffe A theme of the touch Tartuffe is justice. Justice, or the lack of justice, can be seen in the relationship in the midst of father and son, father and daughter, and guest and host. Lacanian philosophy, which foc engages on language and the conflict that the young-begetting(prenominal) feels due to a disintegration of oneness, can be used to count on at darkness as it manifests itself in the male conflict inwardly the play. According to Lacan, a male child experiences conflict with his father, who is associated with language and then otherness. Once a child enters into the terra firma of language he loses his sensory faculty of unity with his mother. In Tartuffe the father, Orgon is in conflict with his son, Damis. Damis is a rash individual who does not think things completely through before choosing a operate of action, as seen when he says abruptly, Ill go and tell Tartuffe off-, Im out of patience (3. 1. 10). He verbally spars with hi s father, who is completely infatuated with the behavior of Tartuffe, to see Tartuffe for what he is. by and by eavesdropping on the conversation between Elmire, the wife of Orgon, and Tartuffe, Damis is convinced that he has the record that he needs to convince Orgon of his position, as indicated when he says, And now Ive establishment that cant he disbelieved Proof that was furnished me by Heaven above (3.4.24-25). 1 le then goes to destroy his fathers view of Tartuffe. Orgon, however, upon hearing that Damis has caught Tartuffe trying to make believe Elmire, immediately takes a defensive stance and instead of believing his take in son, claims the accusation is false and defends the stranger saying, Ah, you deceitful boy, how dare you try / To dapple his purity with so foul a lie? (3.6.15-16). He scolds him... ...time a just man before he met Tartuffe. There is much injustice in the play Tartuffe. This injustice as well as the justice that triumphs often comes through t he use of language for the purpose of establishing either police force or love. Sometimes a character takes on this language by association with other characters, and other times in reaction to the use of this language by other characters. Regardless of the source, language is a plebeian medium for the carriage of justice or its opposite. This language is used by characters as a result of the conflict that a male feels as described by Lacan, which more often that not, results in the expression of injustice. The expression of injustice is language-based because the male, by being exposed to language, is thrust into a world of alienation, and has experienced injustice from his first experience with language.

Essay --

Impact of the RadioThe invention of the radio had an coarse impact, revolutionizing the unity of society. I live in a strictly homespun community, and citizenry here speak of The Radio in the large sense, with an everywhere- reputeing, express E.B. White in 1933. When they say The Radio they dont mean a cabinet, an electrical phenomenon, or a man in a studio, they refer to a pervading and somewhat godlike presence which has come into their spiritedness and homes (Lewis). The radio became a mighty weapon whose power involved paste ideas to millions of listeners, who may otherwise never have heard those inspirational messages. apparitional fanatics economic consumptiond to stand at the back of churches shouting radical nonsense, date others would ignore. Now, those fanatics have the opportunity to mass communicate their ideas to a much big pool of people, furthering the chance for ideas to spread. The morality behind the messages of these ideas, however, is up for contentio n. The invention of the radio exposed the dual nature of the ability to mass communicate to millions of people instantaneously. President Franklin D. Roosevelt held a series of thirty evening radio addresses surrounded by 1933 and 1944 dubbed fireside chats. These fireside chats were the first media development that allowed for direct communication between the president and the citizens of the United States. Roosevelt spoke with a smooth demeanor in these chats, and millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches, (The open fireplace Chats) skyrocketing his popularity. On air, he was able to quell rumors and explain his reasons for social form slowly and comprehensibly, (Yu, 2005). Especially useful for Roosevelt, the radio helped him to hide his polio symptoms help... ...ughlin and Hitler managed to use it to spread hatred. The four have in common that each was listened to and support by millions of listeners. In 1933, the Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany, Josef Goebbels, said, The radio impart be to the twentieth century what the press was to the nineteenth. The radio not further sped up communication, but also the words took on more genius as they were spoken with declamatory, fully animated voices. Issues with anonymity arose, as listeners over the radio can never truly be aware who speaks to them. At the very least, the invention of the radio exposed the influence of having emotion pictured through voice as opposed to words read by the literate populace. So now, not only could the illiterate and literate be equally influenced, the persuasion could appeal more directly to the emotions instead of the intellect.

Essay --

Over the years, much has been written about the two myths, two positive and negative. For example, Ben Clarke of the University of North Carolina has written extensively about Orwell, and asserts that although mainly acclaimed for his non-fiction kit and boodle, Orwells fiction writing had significant value, and was generally under-rated (Clarke). Orwells only overbold to receive critical acclaim was Nineteen Eighty-four. Even this novel, when studied, is considered for its historical substance rather than its literary contribution (Clarke). Clarke also suggests that Orwells female characters ring Orwells views of masculinity and femininity. Though he recognizes the limited choices that women had in society, he shows showed little originality in their portrayal (Clarke). Certainly Julia, in Nineteen 84 is portrayed as a woman engaging in cozy relationships with troupe members more out of boredom than from all real dissension with the politics of the caller. She dep icted as being accepting of the status quo, and follows Winstons lead in his rebellious activities. This is similar to the way that women in Orwells time period were viewed, as passive but supportive components in society. The restrictive bounds on society trigger rebellion by the major characters in some(prenominal) novels. By restricting the knowledge and discipline available, the governments in both novels maintain tight control on their citizens. In Nineteen Eighty-four, the public is manipulated by propaganda to believe what the Party wants it to believe. There ar laws against even thinking of everything that creates individuality or harms the Party in any way, labelled by Orwell as thoughtcrime. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concea... ..., Winstons search for the truth drives him to rebel in small slipway initially. Driven to create something that will not be re-written at the feeling of the Party, he writes in an illicitly obtained diary to a name less forthcoming reader from a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undo (Orwell 28). His next step on the path to rebellion is to begin a forbidden knowledgeable relationship with a woman he whole shebang with. He has longed for a relationship where he is free to love without the intention of procreation. Even more important to him, however, is that his actions undermine the Party. When Julia, his girlfriend, tells him that he has done this Hundreds of propagation -well, scores of clock, Winston is not upset instead, he is thrilled because that factor there were many others who ar corrupt to the bones and were also rebelling against the Party (Orwell 112). Essay -- Over the years, much has been written about the two novels, both positive and negative. For example, Ben Clarke of the University of North Carolina has written extensively about Orwell, and asserts that although mainly acclaimed for his non-fiction works, Orwells fiction writ ing had significant value, and was generally under-rated (Clarke). Orwells only novel to receive critical acclaim was Nineteen Eighty-four. Even this novel, when studied, is considered for its historical significance rather than its literary contribution (Clarke). Clarke also suggests that Orwells female characters consider Orwells views of masculinity and femininity. Though he recognizes the limited choices that women had in society, he shows showed little originality in their portrayal (Clarke). Certainly Julia, in Nineteen eighty-four is portrayed as a woman engaging in sexual relationships with Party members more out of boredom than from any real variant with the politics of the Party. She depicted as being accepting of the status quo, and follows Winstons lead in his rebellious activities. This is similar to the way that women in Orwells time period were viewed, as passive but supportive components in society. The restrictive bounds on society trigger rebellion by th e major characters in both novels. By restricting the knowledge and reading available, the governments in both novels maintain tight control on their citizens. In Nineteen Eighty-four, the public is manipulated by propaganda to believe what the Party wants it to believe. There are laws against even thinking of anything that creates individuality or harms the Party in any way, labelled by Orwell as thoughtcrime. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concea... ..., Winstons search for the truth drives him to rebel in small slipway initially. Driven to create something that will not be re-written at the impetus of the Party, he writes in an illicitly obtained diary to a nameless in store(predicate) reader from a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be unstuck (Orwell 28). His next step on the path to rebellion is to begin a forbidden sexual relationship with a woman he works with. He has longed for a relationship where he is free to love without the pr opose of procreation. Even more important to him, however, is that his actions undermine the Party. When Julia, his girlfriend, tells him that he has done this Hundreds of times -well, scores of times, Winston is not upset instead, he is thrilled because that mover there were many others who are corrupt to the bones and were also rebelling against the Party (Orwell 112).

Symbolism in Hedda Gabler :: essays research papers

The mid-nineteenth century realist dramatist Alexandre Dumas wrote the following about his drama. IfI can exercise some influence over society if, kind of of treating effects I can treat causes if, for example, while I poke fun and describe and dramatize adultery, I can find means to fight people to discuss the problem, and the law-maker to revise the law, I sh all put one over done untold than my part as a poet, I shall have done my employment as a man.We need invent nonhing we have only to observe, remember, feel, coordinate, restore.As for basis, the real as for facts, what is possible for means, what is ingenious that is all that can rightfully be asked of us. Along with the realist dramatists of his time, Dumas wrote his plays with a noble armorial bearing to ignite social change and to raise social aw atomic number 18ness of a problem or issue through realistic dramatization of his environment. alike Dumas, Henrik Ibsen concerned himself with problems of human behavi or and morality in society. And like his predecessors, Ibsen employ naturalistic writing to exhibit human beings as they really are and as they really behave in the culture of his time. further the reasons wherefore Ibsen was more effective and successful at Dumas objective that was Dumas himself was because he derelict happy and acceptable resolutions to his plays, confronted human behavior with honesty and acute observation, very much raising disturbing and embarrassing questions, and left out the didactic solutions to the problems in question in favor of offering no solution, leaving his questions clean to thought and interpretation. Ibsen saw his wild success as a playwright well before he died, and it was in great part collectible to his rejection of realist proponents like the emphasis of mainly external detail and his uproar-causing and shocking resolutions to his plays. But in addition and I think more importantly, Ibsens jubilate was because of his reach ahead of hi s time and his inclusion of symbolist elements in his drama. enchantment at the base a naturalist play, the symbols and images in Hedda Gabler bring boundless weight and power his naturalistic depiction of a woman tighten by her society and, whether because of this constriction or simply because of her inherent nature, cloaked on similarly sucking the life out of other individuals. Ibsen did not strive to write a symbolist play. Naturalist drama is much better suited for social change than is symbolist drama.

Speaking Ethically Essay -- Literary Analysis, Dinesh D’Souza

The 5 thoughtfulnesss for speaking ethically are scram a earn and responsible goal (p. 51) custom sound demo and reasoning (p. 52) be sensitive to and tolerant of differences (p. 53) be honest (p. 53) and wear upont plagiarize. The three considerations for listening ethically are relegate your expectations and feedback (p. 57) be sensitive to and tolerant of differences (p. 58) and listen critically (p. 58). The first consideration for speaking ethically exists in rescript to take a crap trust with the audition. The audience should be aware of what the point of the lyric is, what they are going to be persuaded about. Personally I feel that Dinesh DSouza break this consideration by labeling his speech Christianity and Islam is religion the problem? It was excruciatingly clear that he wasnt honestly examining the advantages and disadvantages (pragmatic effects, clearly theological effects would brook been a various discussion) of religion in society, he was stating his mind that atheists subject millions of deaths per year, Muslims cause thousands of deaths per year, period Christians advance the world and prevent deaths. Thus, the surname of his speech was misleading, and according to the book, unethical.The trice consideration for speaking ethically exists so that opinions whitethorn be judge or dismissed on their own merits. The root word is that sifting done and through false ideas is a good thing, and the best manner for sifting through false ideas is for each individual to form his or her own opinion. I believe Dinesh DSouza violated this consideration with the pursuance paraphrased argument president Obamas father wants to crush corporations under the dog of government the title of a book written by Preside... ...o hold. In opposite words, the opinion is worthwhile because there is an issue that is important.The third misuse is satisfy. It exists in clubhouse to show that the valuable opinion can figure out the need. The fou rth touchstone is visualization. It exists in order to religious service the audience cypher the issue, and the outcomes that will move on because of the issue not being fixed.The fifth maltreat is action. It exists in order demonstrate how the audience personally can help fix the issue. For example, tempo 3 may be schools need change magnitude funding and tonicity 5 might be you individually volunteering at school blank events lets the school spend money on other things.The sixth musical note is rebuttal. It exists in order to be a straw-man argument, albeit maybe with more honesty. This ill-use allows the speaker to honestly, or dishonestly, propose other realizable solutions and dismiss them. utter Ethically Essay -- Literary Analysis, Dinesh DSouzaThe 5 considerations for speaking ethically are have a clear and responsible goal (p. 51) use sound evidence and reasoning (p. 52) be sensitive to and tolerant of differences (p. 53) be honest (p. 53) and dont plagiarize. The three considerations for listening ethically are communicate your expectations and feedback (p. 57) be sensitive to and tolerant of differences (p. 58) and listen critically (p. 58). The first consideration for speaking ethically exists in order to establish trust with the audience. The audience should be aware of what the point of the speech is, what they are going to be persuaded about. Personally I feel that Dinesh DSouza violated this consideration by labeling his speech Christianity and Islam is religion the problem? It was excruciatingly clear that he wasnt honestly examining the advantages and disadvantages (pragmatic effects, clearly theological effects would have been a different discussion) of religion in society, he was stating his opinion that atheists cause millions of deaths per year, Muslims cause thousands of deaths per year, while Christians advance the world and prevent deaths. Thus, the title of his speech was misleading, and according to the book, unethical.The second consideration for speaking ethically exists so that opinions may be accepted or dismissed on their own merits. The idea is that sifting through false ideas is a good thing, and the best method for sifting through false ideas is for each individual to form his or her own opinion. I believe Dinesh DSouza violated this consideration with the following paraphrased argument President Obamas father wants to crush corporations under the heel of government the title of a book written by Preside... ...o hold. In other words, the opinion is worthwhile because there is an issue that is important.The third step is satisfy. It exists in order to show that the valuable opinion can solve the need. The fourth step is visualization. It exists in order to help the audience visualize the issue, and the outcomes that will occur because of the issue not being fixed.The fifth step is action. It exists in order demonstrate how the audience personally can help fix the issue. Fo r example, step 3 may be schools need increased funding and step 5 might be you individually volunteering at school sporting events lets the school spend money on other things.The sixth step is rebuttal. It exists in order to be a straw-man argument, albeit possibly with more honesty. This step allows the speaker to honestly, or dishonestly, propose other possible solutions and dismiss them.

Analysis of A Lesson Before Dying Essay -- Ernest J. Gaines

present Wiggins is the narrator of the novel. He was born in the plantation fair forbiddenside of Bayonne, Louisiana. He lived there until he went away to college, and when he went natural covering home, he was detached from the people in the town because of his education and assorted religious beliefs. He is easily angered and often very selfish. This is seen in the way that he acts towards Vivian. He consistently does non give her the aid or respect that she deserves. He refers to her children as simply, the babies, and only c ars about the names of his and Vivians future children. Grant goes from shallow and selfish at the stock of the story, to caring and loving at the end.Jefferson is an honest, young down(p) man with below-average intuition. after(prenominal) existence called a hog by his lawyer, he loses all self-respect, and feels as if he is really no better than a hog. He becomes lumbering and angry after being sentenced to death. The visits that Grant pays Jef ferson eventually revive him out of his emotional slumber, and he begins to see himself as a human being again. Ultimately, he serves as Grants teacher, as he shows him how to be loyal and how to love. Tante Lou is Grants extremely religious and aunt. She is very persistent, and does not stop begging Henri Pichot until he agrees to talk to the sheriff about her and Grant visiting Jefferson. Tante Lous organized religion allows her to believe that Jefferson will die as a man. Without this faith, Grant, at first, does not believe in Jefferson. Despite her social status because of her skin, she and scarper Emma deck up with dignity, and demand respect from all who will give it to them.Minor CharactersMiss Emma is Jeffersons godmother. She loves her godson Jefferson, and shows this through all of... ...ed by Grant on his puzzle to Bayonne.I want you to show them the difference between what they think you are and what you can be. This is a quote from Grant to Jefferson. Grant tries to instill on Jefferson the significance of his death. He wanted Jefferson to be an example of the strength of black people as a whole.To show too much intelligence would earn been an insult to them. To show a lack of intelligence would have been a greater insult to me. This is a quotation of Grants thoughts. He was talking to the sheriff, and did not know how to act. He is more meliorate than the sheriff, but since he is black, he cannot show it.Manners if for the living. This quote is from Jefferson to Grant. Jefferson utter this to Grant after insulting Vivian. It shows his lack of love for life. At this tiptop of the story, he was sad and lonely and did not want to live.

The Last Empress by Daniele Varè Essay -- China Literature Essays

The decease Empress by Daniele VarThe Empress Dow shape upr Tzi-his (1835-1908) was a bizarre ruler unlike any other China had ever seen. She is considered to be one of the most influential people in Chinese history, a rarity in the male dominated Chinese world. The empress dowager exerted great reason over the Chinese conglomerate and influenced the political structure in ways it had never been influenced before, making some great reforms that she believed would help the Chinese people. natural on November 29th, 1835, Tzi-hsi was named Yehonala after her tribe. Her father, Huei-cheng died when she was a child and her family took care of her until she was sent to emperor moth Hsien-Fengs court as a concubine. Although Hsien-Feng had many wives and concubines, Tzi-hsi was the only to apply him a son. In 1861, the Emperor died and his court was left to the son, who was not of age and thus Tzi-hsi was able to rule through her son, The Emperor Tung-chih. When he glum 17, she was forced to give up her immediate power to him. Tung-chih died in 1875. by means of much controversy and manipulation, Tzi-hsi was able to convince the court to nominate her prime(prenominal) as successor, and when the Empress of the Eastern palace died, Tzi-hsi became the sole surviving regent of the empire (Var). Shortly after, Tzi-hsi was forced to give up her regency and retired to a summer palace, unless she soon resumed rule over China. From that moment on until her death in 1908 she ruled China, instilling new policies and reforms into Chinese culture. There have been many assertions and assumptions about Tzi-hsis policies and their value to the history of China and her popularity among Chinese citizens (her grave was raided and destroyed). Regardless of these opinio... ...its objectivity. It provides a clear picture of the Empress brio in her pagan context and the impact it had on China. I recommend this book to anyone exploring the life of the Empress Do wagerwhether it be her personal life, her social life, or her political life. The book sincerely yours does provide an extensive amount of information about the Empressits age stands testament to this (it has been around for 70 years), and I would highly recommend it.Works Cited Biography. Rev. of The Last Empress by Daniele Var. Saturday Review of Literature 14 Sept. 1936 19. Gilroy, Thomas J. Tzu-hsi The Empress Dowager from China. 16 Nov 2002. Kings CollegeHistory Department. Kings College. 3 subvert 2004. Var, Daniele. The Last Empress. New York Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1936.